Huntington Disease Essays

Huntington Disease Essays Huntington Disease Essay Huntington Disease Essay Huntington Disease Huntington disease ( HD ) is an autosomal-dominant upset, characterized as disease of progressive encephalon devolution in late maturity with subsequent encephalon wasting. The affected countries of devolution are the basal ganglia, which play an of import function in the control of motion. This devolution causes assorted motor jobs such as behavioural abnormalcy, chorea, incoordination and dystonia ( Folstein, 1989 ) . George Huntington was the first adult male that described HD in the nineteenth century in item particularly its familial nature of chorea ( Huntington, 1872 ) . New findings have shown that HD involves the mutant protein huntigtin. This protein is translated from a CAG repetition organizing a polyglutamine strand of variable length at the N-terminus. The molecular mechanism of HD is non to the full understood but new findings utilizing carnal theoretical accounts have provided valuable information. The cistron associated with HD is termed the HD cistron and can be found on the short arm of chromosome four. As the disease is autosomal dominant, merely one HD cistron is sufficient to do the upset. The HD cistron is composed of a trinucleotide CAG repeats.The allelomorphs of the HD cistron are grouped as normal, intermediate or HD-causing. Each group has a characteristic figure of CAG repetitions. The normal allelomorphs have 26 or fewer CAG repetitions whereas intermediate allelomorphs have 27-35 CAG repetitions ( Potter et al. , 2004 ) . Carriers of normal allelomorphs and intermediate allelomorphs are non at hazard of developing HD. However, persons with intermediate allelomorphs are at hazard of giving birth to a kid with an allelomorph of HD-causing characteristic ( Semaka et al. , 2006 ) . Thus, intermediate allelomorphs are besides termed changeable allelomorphs as they may mutate to do HD phenotype in the progeny. The ground for the mutant lies in the instability of the re production. The longer the figure of trinucleotides, the greater the instability. In 73 % of the instances, the instability leads to an enlargement of the trinucleotide repetitions and therefore an addition in the hazard of developing HD whereas merely 23 % show a contraction of the figure of repetitions associated with a low hazard of developing HD ( Chattapadhyay et al. , 2005 ; Djousse et al.,2004, MacDonald et al. , 1999 ) . HD-causing allelomorphs normally contain 36 or more CAG repetitions and present the bearer at an increased hazard of developing HD. HD-causing allelomorphs have been categorized into two groups: Reduced-penetrance HD-causing allelomorphs and Full-penetrance HD-causing allelomorphs. Reduced-penetrance or uncomplete HD-causing allelomorphs are composed of 36-39 trinucleotide CAG repetitions ( Rubinsztein, 2003 ; Rubinsztein et al. , 1996 ; McNeil et al. , 1997 ) . Carriers of this allelomorph may be symptomless and non demo the symptoms. On the other manus, full-penetrance HD-causing allelomorphs are characterized by 40 or more CAG repetitions and bearers of this allelomorph have a high chance of developing HD ( Rubinsztein et al. , 1996 ; McNeil et al. , 1997 ; Langebehn et al. , 2004 ) . The instability of the trinucleotide repeats occurs more frequently in males ( spermatogenesis ) than in females ( oogenesis ) . This phenomenon can besides be observed in the progeny with paternal heritage of the HD cistron where the oncoming of HD is more powerful and occurs in the early young person. In add-on, households with no history of HD may develop HD via new mutants originating by the elaboration of trinucleotide CAG repetitions and most of these new mutants come from the paternal side ( Anca et al. , 2004 ; Squitieri et al. , 2003 ) . Bodily instability of CAG repetitions can besides originate and hold been observed in human existences every bit good as animate being theoretical accounts. Furthermore, indistinguishable twins demonstrate different clinical syndromes and have about a similar age of oncoming. Twins that are bearers of homozygous allelomorphs have no difference in the age of oncoming ( Georgiou et al. , 1999 ) . Carriers of the HD allelomorph are clinically healthy before the oncoming of the HD disease symptoms. However, in the so called preclinical stage, there are little alterations happening in motor accomplishments, knowledge and personality ( Walker, 2007 ) . The oncoming of HD disease symptoms normally occurs in the average age of oncoming which is 35 to 44 old ages ( Bates et al. , 2002 ) . In 66 % , initial symptoms are abnormalcies in the neurological map or psychiatric alterations. Other symptoms are minor involountary motions, trouble in mental planning, depression and little alterations in the oculus motion. In 25 % of HD bearers, the visual aspect of initial symptoms such as chorea, dysphagia and pace perturbation is delayed until after 50 old ages with the disease symptoms taking a more drawn-out and soft class. At the same clip, the life style of the affected persons does non alter and they can still go on with their current employment. The initial oncoming of the symptoms is followed by an increased diagnostic chorea, trouble in commanding voluntary motion every bit good as aggravation of dysarthria and dysphagia. As a consequence of the deterioration symptoms, the affected persons must go forth employment and may necessitate extra aid to get by with some activities in their day-to-day life. The concluding phase of HD demonstrates terrible motor disablement. The symptoms have worsened so much that so that the bearers can non cover with their damage at all and necessitate the aid of other people. The bearers are tongueless and incontinent and demo a average endurance clip of 15 to 18 old ages after the first oncoming of HD related symptoms. The life anticipation is suggested to be at 54 to 55 old ages ( Harper, 2005 ) . The diagnosing of HD is based on mutant analysis. For this intent, PCR based methods can be utilised which musca volitanss alleles up to about 115 CAG repetitions. Likewise, southern smudge is employed for allelomorphs with more than 115 CAG ( Potter et al. , 2004 ) . Such big enlargements are linked with juvenile-onset of HD triggered by homozygous HD genotypes. Moderate-to-severe Huntington s disease illustrate larger frontal horns of the sidelong ventricles and lack in striatal volume when modus operandi MRI and CT scans are performed ( Stober et al. , 1984 ) . However, scans are non helpful for the diagnosing of early upset. Functional MRI surveies and informations from PET have displayed that affected encephalons started to change before the oncoming of symptoms ( Kunig et al. , 2000, Paulsen et al. , 2004 ) . Using these techniques, it is possible to acknowledge caudate wasting every bit easrly as 11 old ages before the expected oncoming of the disease, and it is possible to re cognze putaminal wasting 9 old ages before the expected oncoming ( Aylward et al. , 2004 ) . Tensor-based magnetic resonance morphometry demonstrates increasing loss of striatal loss in persons who are preclinical transporting the HD cistron and do non demo grounds of progresson by clinical or neuropsychological trials over 2 old ages ( Kipps et al. , 2005 ) . Familial proving for HD is merely considered by 5 % of HD hazard bearers due to household planning and employment. Many HD hazard bearers do non undergo proving as there is no efficient intervention for HD available ( Laccone et al. , 1999 ) . Furthermore, prognostic testing can hold psychological effects for HD hazard bearers taking to suicide due to mental depression ( Almqvist et al. , 2003 ) . Therefore, it is important to place self-destructive forms in immature HD hazard bearers and give pretest guidance. Epidemiologic surveies suggest that HD is most prevailing in the white Caucasic population with 5-7 people affected per 100000. There are besides exclusions in countries where the full population is derived from a few laminitiss such as in Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela or Tasmania ( Pridmore, 1990 ) . Across most of Asia and Africa the incidences of HD are much lower. The ground for the assorted distribution of HD incidence lies in the CAG repetitions. White Caucasians have a much higher frequence of HD allelomorphs that are composed of 28-35 CAG repetitions ( Kremer, 2002 ; Harper A ; Jones, 2002 ) . The high frequence of this HD alleles in the white population is non to the full understood. The HD cistron may give a wellness benefit as in other familial upsets such as reaping hook cell trait. It is thought that the HD cistron is associated with a lower hazard of developing malignant neoplastic disease, perchance due to the upregulation of TP53 in HD disease ( Bae et al. , 2005 ; DiF iglia etal. , 1995 ) . The pathogenesis of HD affecting the protein huntingtin is ill understood. Even though orthologs of that protein have been detected in zebrafish, drosophilia and sludge molds, the function of the protein is still unknown ( Jones, 2002 ) . Huntingtin has a high laterality in all human cells. Most of it is expressed in the encephalon and testicles whereas bosom, lungs and liver show moderate sums of it ( DiFiglia et al.,1995 ) . One hypothesis suggests that happloinsufficiency plays an indispensable function in the pathogenesis of HD. This would intend that deficient sums of huntingtin protein are generated for the cells to work decently ( Ambrose et al.,1994 ) . However, this hypothesis besides have been refuted by other findings which suggest that a lack of HD cistron in adult male does non do HD in adult male ( Rubinsztein, 2003 ; Ambrose et al. , 1994 ) . This is besides supported by transgenic mouse theoretical accounts. One allelomorph of the HD cistron does non do HD in transgenic mouse theoretical accounts and complete absence of the HD cistron is linked to mortality in mouse embryos ( Squitieri et al. , 2003 ) . Therefore, new findings explain the pathogenesis of HD as a toxic addition of map derived from the mutant HD cistron. Likewise, this phenomenon can besides be observed in other familial diseases such as muscular wasting or dentatorubropallidoluysian ( Ambrose et al. , 1994 ; Andrew et al. , 1993 ) . There is non sufficient grounds to back up the claim of happloinsufficiency in any of these familial disease but an accretion of polyglutamines with subsequent neurodegeneration. This is farther supported by the relationship betwe en length of polyglutamine repetition and age of oncoming. Longer polyglutamine repetition ironss are associated with more aggressive patterned advance of HD disease symptoms and the juvenile oncoming of HD ( Mahant et al. , 2003 ; Squitieri et al. , 2002 ; Forproud et al. , 1999 ) . The biological construction of polyglutamine gives more insight into the toxic addition of map in HD. Experiments performed in vitro show that polyglutamine sums by organizing dimmers, trimers and oligomers. For this collection to be efficient, a minimal figure of 37 glutamine residues in sequence is required. The rate of collection additions as more glutamine repetitions are added to the long concatenation of glutamine polypeptide. This in vitro observation may be an explaination why some persons experience late oncoming of HD while others have a juvenile oncoming of HD. Some cardinal points have been discovered in the mechanism explicating how aggregative polyglutamine leads to neural disfunction. The mutant huntingtin protein is more prone to proteleolysis than its wild type opposite number. This higher hazard of protein debasement creates truncated proteins, which lead to the formation of sums of abbreviated huntingtin. Additionally, shorter glutamine repetitions are less likely to organize steric clangs than longer 1s. It is believed that these sums are toxic and locate in the cell nucleus. ( Saudou et al. , 1998 ; Peter et al. , 1999 ; Wellington et al. , 2000 ) . Finally, the rate of collection overcomes the rate at which proteosomes or autophagic vacuolisation degrade the proteins in the cell. This farther exacerbates the formation of aggregative protein in concurrence with the ability of sums to enroll normal organic structure proteins to their matrix. Examples of normal organic structure proteins are those proteins that interact with the wil d type signifier of huntingtin straight ( Mills et al. , 2005 ) . Some documents besides propose that the protein huntingtin may exercise non merely a toxic addition of map but besides a dominant negative consequence on the typical map of the wild type protein huntingtin. This manner, mutant huntingtin could interfere with proteins that regulate written text, programmed cell death, tumour suppression or axonal conveyance ( Bae et al. , 2005 ; Busch et al. , 2003 ; Charrin et al. , 2005 ; Gauthier et al. , 2004, Hickey A ; Chesselet, 2003 ) . Last, one other hypothesis provinces that mutant huntingtin may interfere in neuron-neuron interaction. This has been illustrated in mice where the mutant protein huntingtin disrupts the axonal conveyance and cyst release of neurotrophic factor in nerve cells taking to intrinsic disfunction of striatal nerve cells ( Pulst et al. , 1996 ; Komure et al. , 1995 ) . Mentions Almqvist EW, Brinkman RR, Wiggins S, Hayden MR. Psychological effects and forecasters of inauspicious events in the fi rst 5 old ages after prognostic testing for Huntington s disease. Clin Genet 2003 ; 64: 300-09. Ambrose CM, Duyao MP, Barnes G, et Al. Structure and look of the Huntington s disease cistron: grounds against simple inactivation due to spread out CAG repetition. Somat Cell Mol Genet 1994 ; 20: 27-38. Anca MH, Gazit E, Lowewenthal R, Ostrovsky O, Frydman M, Giladi N. Diff erent phenotypic look in monozygotic twins with Huntington disease. Am J Med Genet 2004 ; 124: 89-91. Andrew SE, Goldberg YP, Kremer B, et Al. The relationship between trinucleotide ( CAG ) repetition length and clinical characteristics of Huntington s disease. Nat Genet 1993 ; 4: 398-403. Aylward EH, Sparks BF, Field KM, et Al. Onset and rate of striatal wasting in presymptomatic Huntington disease. Neurology 2004 ; 63: 66-72. Bae BI, Xu H, Igarashi S, et Al. P53 mediates cellular disfunction and behavioural abnormalcies in Huntington s disease. Neuron 2005 ; 47:29-41. Bates G, Harper P, Jones L ( 2002 ) Huntington s Disease. Oxford University Press, New York. Busch A, Engemann S, Lurz R, et Al. Mutant huntingtin promotes the fibrillogenesis of wild-type huntingtin: a possible mechanism for loss of huntingtin map in Huntington s disease. J Biol Chem 2003 ; 278: 41452-61. Charrin BC, Saudou F, Humbert S. Axonal conveyance failure in neurogenerative upsets: the instance of Huntington s disease. Pathol Biol 2005 ; 53: 189-92. Chattapadhyay B, Baksi K, Mukhopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya NP. Transition of age at oncoming of Huntington s disease patients by fluctuations in TP53 and human caspase activated DNase ( hCAD ) cistrons. Neurosci Lett 2005 ; 374: 81-86. DiFiglia M, Sapp E, Chase K, et Al. Huntingtin is a cytoplasmatic protein association with cysts in human and rat encephalon nerve cells. Neuron 1995 ; 14: 1075-81. Djousse L, Knowlton B, Hayden MR, et Al. Evidence for a qualifier of onset age in Huntington disease linked to the HD cistron in 4p16. Neurogenetics 2004 ; 5: 109-14. Foroud T, Gray J, Ivashina J, Conneally PM. Differences in continuance of Huntington s disease based on age at oncoming. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999 ; 66: 52-56. Folstein S. Huntington s disease: a upset of households. Old line state: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. Gauthier LR, Charrin BC, Borrell-Pages M, et Al. Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and endurance of nerve cells by heightening BDNF vesicular conveyance along microtubules. Cell 2004 ; 118: 127-38. Georgiou N, Bradshaw JL, Chiu E, Tudor A, OGorman L, Phillips JG. Diff erential clinical and motor control map in a brace of monozygotic twins with Huntington s disease. Mov Disord 1999 ; 14:320-25. Harper PS, Jones L. Huntington s disease: familial and molecular surveies. In: Bates G, Harper P, Jones L, eds. Huntington s disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002: 113-58. Harper B.Huntington disease.J R Soc Med.2005 ; 98:550. Hickey MA, Chesselet MF. Apoptosis in Huntington s disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003 ; 27: 256-65. Huntington G. On chorea. Med Surg Rep 1872 ; 26: 317-21 Kipps CM, Duggins AJ, Mahant N, Gomes L, Ashburner J, McCusker EA. Progression of structural neuropathology in presymptomatic Huntington s disease: a tensor based morphometry survey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 ; 76: 650-55. Kunig G, Leenders KL, Sanchez-Pernaute R, et Al. Benzodiazepine receptor binding in Huntington s disease: [ 11C ] Florida umazenil consumption measured utilizing antielectron emanation imaging. Ann Neurol 2000 ; 47: 644-48. Kremer B. Clinical neurology of Huntington s disease. In: Bates G, Harper P, Jones L, eds. Huntington s disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002: 3-27. Komure O, Sano A, Nishino N, et Al. Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis in familial dentatorubral-pallidoluysian wasting: correlativity between CAG repetition length and phenotypic fluctuation and the molecular footing of expectancy. Neurology 1995 ; 45: 143-49. Jones L. The cell biological science of Huntington s disease. In: Bates G, Harper P, Jones L, eds. Huntington s disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002: 348-62. Laccone F, Engel U, Holinski-Feder E, et Al. DNA analysis of Huntington s disease: fi ve old ages experience in Germany, Australia, and Switzerland. Neurology 1999 ; 53: 801-06. Langbehn DR, Brinkman RR, Falush D, Paulsen JS, Hayden MR.A new theoretical account for anticipation of the age of oncoming and penetrance for Huntington s disease based on CAG length.Clin Genet.2004 ; 65:267-77. MacDonald ME, Vonsattel JP, Shrinidhi J, et Al. Evidence for the GluR6 cistron associated with younger oncoming of Huntington s disease. Neurology 1999 ; 53: 1330-32 Mahant N, McCusker EA, Byth K, Graham S. Huntington s disease: clinical correlatives of disablement and patterned advance. Neurology 2003 ; 61:1085-92. McNeil SM, Novelletto A, Srinidhi J, Barnes G, Kornbluth I, Altherr MR, Wasmuth JJ, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Myers RH.Reduced penetrance of the Huntington s disease mutation.Hum Mol Genet.1997 ; 6:775-9. Mills IG, Gaughan L, Robson C, et Al. Huntingtin interacting protein 1 modulates the transcriptional activity of atomic endocrine receptors. J Cell Biol 2005 ; 170: 191-200. Paulsen JS, Zimbelman JL, Hinton SC, et Al. fMRI biomarker of early neural disfunction in preclinical Huntington s disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004 ; 25: 1715-21. Peter MF, Nucifora FC Jr, Kushi J, et Al. Nuclear targeting of mutant Huntingtin increases toxicity. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999 ; 14: 121-81. Potter NT, Spector EB, Prior TW.Technical criterions and guidelines for Huntington disease testing.Genet Med.2004 ; 6:61-5. Pridmore SA. The big Huntington s disease household of Tasmania.Med J Aust 1990 ; 153: 593-95. Pulst SM, Nechiporuk A, Nechiporuk T, et Al. Moderate enlargement of a usually biallelic trinucelotide repetition in spinocerebellar ataxy type 2. Nat Genetics 1996 ; 14: 237-38. Rubinsztein DC. Molecular biological science of Huntington s disease ( HD ) and HD-like upsets. In: Pulst S, erectile dysfunction. Geneticss of motion upsets. California: Academic Press, 2003: 365-77. Rubinsztein DC, Leggo J, Coles R, Almqvist E, Biancalana V, Cassiman JJ, Chotai K, Connarty M, Crauford D, Curtis A, Curtis D, Davidson MJ, Differ AM, Dode C, Dodge A, Frontali M, Ranen NG, Stine OC, Sherr M, Abbott MH, Franz ML, Graham CA, Harper PS, Hedreen JC, Hayden MR.et al.Phenotypic word picture of persons with 30-40 CAG repetitions in the Huntington disease ( HD ) cistron reveals HD instances with 36 repetitions and seemingly normal aged persons with 36-39 repeats.Am J Hum Genet.1996 ; 59:16-22. Rubinsztein DC. Molecular biological science of Huntington s disease ( HD ) and HD-like upsets. In: Pulst S, erectile dysfunction. Geneticss of motion upsets. California: Academic Press, 2003: 365-77. Rubinsztein DC, Leggo J, Coles R, et Al. Phenotypic word picture of persons with 30-40 CAG repetitions in the Huntington disease ( HD ) cistron reveals HD instances with 36 repetitions and seemingly normal aged persons with 36-39 repetitions. Am J Hum Genet 1996 ; 59:16-22. Saudou F, Finkbeiner S, Devys D, Greenberg ME. Huntingtin acts in the karyon to bring on programmed cell death but decease does non correlate with the formation of intranuclear inclusions. Cell 1998 ; 95: 55-56. Squitieri F, Cannella M, Simonelli M. CAG mutant eff ect on rate of patterned advance in Huntington s disease. Neurol Sci 2002 ; 23 ( suppl 2 ) : S107-08. Squitieri F, Gellera C, Cannella M, et Al. Homozygosity for CAG mutant in Huntington s disease is associated with a more terrible clinical class. Brain 2003 ; 126: 946-55. Stober T, Wussow W, Schimrigk K. Bicaudate diameter: the most specifi degree Celsius and simple CT parametric quantity in the diagnosing of Huntington s disease. Neuroradiology 1984 ; 26: 25-28. OHearn E, Holmes SE, Calvert PC, et Al. SCA-12: shudder with cerebellar and cortical wasting is associated with a CAG repetition enlargement. Neurology 2001 ; 56: 299-303. Walker FO.Huntington s disease.Lancet.2007 ; 369:218-28. Wellington CL, Leavitt BR, Hayden MR. Huntington disease: new penetrations on the function of huntingtin cleavage. J Neural Transm Suppl 2000 ; 58: 1-17.

The Abolitionists, Who They Were And How They Became Influential

The Abolitionists, Who They Were And How They Became Influential The term abolitionist generally refers to a dedicated opponent to slavery in the early 19th century America. The abolitionist movement developed slowly in the early 1800s. A movement to abolish slavery gained political acceptance in Britain in the late 1700s. The British abolitionists, led by William Wilberforce in the early 19th century, campaigned against Britains role in the slave trade and sought to outlaw slavery in British colonies. At the same time, Quaker groups in America began working in earnest to abolish slavery in the United States. The first organized group formed to end slavery in America began in Philadelphia in 1775, and the city was a hotbed of abolitionist sentiment in the 1790s, when it was the capital of the United States. Though slavery was successively outlawed in the northern states in the early 1800s, the institution of slavery was firmly entrenched in the South. And agitation against slavery came to be regarded as a major source of discord between regions of the country. In the 1820s anti-slavery factions began spreading from New York and Pennsylvania to Ohio, and the early beginnings of the abolitionist movement began to be felt. At first, the opponents to slavery were considered far outside the mainstream of political thought and abolitionists had little real impact on American life. In the 1830s the movement gathered some momentum. William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator in Boston, and it became  the most prominent abolitionist newspaper. A pair of wealthy businessmen in New York City, the Tappan brothers, began to finance abolitionist activities. In 1835 the American Anti-Slavery Society began a campaign, funded by the Tappans, to send anti-slavery pamphlets into the South. The pamphlet campaign led to enormous controversy, which included bonfires of seized abolitionist literature being burned in the streets of Charleston, South Carolina. The pamphlet campaign was seen to be impractical. Resistance to the pamphlets galvanized the South against any anti-slavery sentiment, and it made abolitionists in the North realize that it would not be safe to campaign against slavery on southern soil. The northern abolitionists tried other strategies, most prominently the petitioning of Congress. Former president John Quincy Adams, serving in his post-presidency as a Massachusetts congressman, became a prominent anti-slavery voice on Capitol Hill. Under right of petition in the U.S. Constitution, anyone, including slaves, could send petitions to Congress. Adams led a movement to introduce petitions seeking the freedom of slaves, and it so inflamed members of the House of Representatives from the slave states that discussion of slavery was banned in the House chamber. For eight years one of the main battles against slavery took place on Capitol Hill, as Adams battled against what came to be known as the gag rule. In the 1840s a former slave, Frederick Douglass, took to the lecture halls and spoke about his life as a slave. Douglass became a very forceful anti-slavery advocate, and even spent time speaking out against American slavery in Britain and Ireland. By the late 1840s the Whig Party was splitting over the issue of slavery. And disputes which arose when the U.S. acquired enormous territory at the end of the Mexican War brought up the issue of which new states and territories would be slave or free. The Free Soil Party arose to speak out against slavery, and while it didnt became a major political force, it did put the issue of slavery into the mainstream of American politics. Perhaps what brought the abolitionist movement to the forefront more than anything else was a very popular novel, Uncle Toms Cabin. Its author, Harriet Beecher Stowe, a committed abolitionist, was able to craft a tale with sympathetic characters who were either slaves or touched by the evil of slavery. Families would often read the book aloud in their living rooms, and the novel did much to pass abolitionist thought into American homes. Prominent abolitionists included: William Lloyd GarrisonFrederick DouglassAngelina Grimkà © and her sister Sarah Grimkà ©Wendell PhillipsJohn BrownHarriet TubmanHarriet Beecher Stowe The term, of course, comes from the word abolish, and particularly refers to those who wanted to abolish slavery. The Underground Railroad, the loose network of people who assisted escaped slaves to freedom in the northern United States or Canada, could be considered part of the abolitionist movement.

HI 325C The Frontier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HI 325C The Frontier - Essay Example Kit Carson uses those virtues and skills to overcome challenges and hardships in the Rocky Mountains. One, he uses his keenness to protect himself and other traders. One instance when Kit Carson’s promptness of action is tested is the night when an inexperienced guard alerts them of invading Indians. Kit Carson is seen to be on his feet in an instant with a pistol on his hand (Abbott 12). It is asserted that the loss of a single second may give an enemy the opportunity to launch its attack and disappear in the dark night. Kit Carson reacts quickly and shoots his mule. Nevertheless, it is a false alarm. Two, his persistence enables him to hunt for food and find a suitable location to set camp. Carson travels for over fifty miles with his mule and horse, looking at every stream and creek, being on the lookout for any indication of a beaver. Kit Carson selects a location for his camp after travelling past a meandering stream circling through the centre, which he believes has a la rge number of beavers (Abbott 17). Finally, his acquaintance of the Spanish language becomes a beneficial investment to him. It enables him to retain everything that the expert ranger of the woods convey in respect to the topography of the Far West, the challenges to be encountered, and the ways of dealing with them. Part 2 Last of the Mohicans This part will discuss whether the movie Last of the Mohicans portray the Trans-Appalachian frontier of the 1750s as a bloody â€Å"no-man’s-land† between clashing empires, or as a â€Å"middle ground† in which settlers and natives interact peacefully and exchange culture on equal terms. It will also evaluate whether it portrays Indians as bloodthirsty and savage or as peaceful and virtuous, and look at how the British and French officials in this film differ in their attitude toward Indians and colonial settlers. The movie portrays the Trans-Appalachian frontier of the 1750s as a bloody â€Å"no-man’s-land† between clashing empires. From the start of the movie there is a battle for the control of colonial America by the French and British troops. The British troops seek military assistance from a number of Native American war groups who are not willing to leave their residence undefended. As the French and British soldiers fight for the control of the North America, the natives and the settlers are compelled to take sides. In recruiting Native Americans for their military battles, the

Annotated Bibliography for Organizational Analysis Essay

Annotated Bibliography for Organizational Analysis - Essay Example The Political Frame recognizes the power play within and between institutions. The Symbolic Frame believes that schools produce symbols to create commitment and meaning. This article is important, because it describes different forms of leadership. However, it does not consider that some school leaders may be integrating these different frameworks. This source is important to my field of study, because it will help me analyze and prescribe the best frameworks for different goals and conditions in the Training and Doctrine Command. Managementhelp.org. (no date). What is an open system? Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/misc/orgs-open-systems.pdf This article describes the main elements and concepts of an open system. An open system is a system that interacts with its external environment through feedback processes. Some of the important components of an open system are inputs, processes, outputs, goals, assessment, and learning. This article is a good source of the basics of an open system, but further research on its real-life applications is needed to understand its strengths and limitations further. This source is important to my field of study, because I want to know how the Training and Doctrine Command works as an open system and what can be done to exploit the advantages of this system. I also want to learn the issues with an open system, especially in how the external environment affects the internal system. Nadler, D.A., & Nadler, M.B. (2000). The Congruence framework - a roadmap for understanding organizational performance. Mercer Management Journal, (13), 4-10. Retrieved from http://www.oliverwyman.com/deu-insights/MMJ13-OrganizationalTrans.pdf Nadler and Nadler (2000) argued that the congruence framework analyzes the roots of organizational performance. They described that it is not a prescriptive model, but an analytical framework that helps leaders understand the interaction between social and technical factors that affect the performance of each organization, so that people can design and execute their own solutions to their organization’s distinctive performance problems. The strengths of the article are its explanation of the components of the congruence model and its application of the model on the Harley-Davidson’s case. Its weakness is that it was not tested empirically using other companies and industries. This source is important to my field of study, because it will help me analyze the best way to implement large-scales changes to the Training and Doctrine Command. McLeod, S. (2007, June 25). Bolman & Deal frameworks. Big think.com. Retrieved from http://bigthink.com/ideas/bolman-deal-frameworks McLeod explains the Bolman & Deal frameworks. These frames are different on their main beliefs about schools as organizations, and the means in achieving their goals. The strength of this article is that it underlines that it is possible to use all frames in understanding and resolving school problems and in implementing organizational changes. It is not an academic source, however, and it will help to do more research on these frameworks and how they are actually used or changed during design and implementation changes. This source is important to my field of study, because I am interested in knowing different ways of analyzing issues in the Training and Doctrine Command and in determining the best leadership approaches. Bolman & Deal fr

Eddie and beatrice created and sustained Essay Example for Free

Eddie and beatrice created and sustained Essay Throughout the play Beatrice and Eddie have contrasting views about various issues.Eddie has strong veiws on masculinity which leads him to reject effeminate behaviour and be aggressive when he is challenged. Beatirce on the other hand is a more laid back personality. Miller uses this friction between husband and wife to create and sustain tension by making the issues gradually more serious as the play progresses At the opening of act one, Eddie and Cathrine appear to be almost flirting. (Eddie is pleased and therefore shy about it.)This type of relationship is surprising because Cathrine is Eddies niece and proves to be a source of friction between Eddie and Beatrice. This is openly shown at the end of the play when Beatrice tells Eddie you can never have her.  Further disagreement comes from Eddies protectiveness of Cathrine. He feels that as an uncle it is his duty to protect her from the world; he tells her that her revealing clothes attract unwanted attention, and he is not keen for her to get a job. Beatrice thinks that Eddie is over protective of Cathrine and convinces him that she is old enough. Look, you got to get used to it, shes no baby no more. Miller continues to increase the tension between Beatrice and Eddie when later they begin to argue about Rodolpho; his sexuality and his relationship with Cathrine. Eddies affection for Catherine leads him to dislike Rodolpho and find faults in him, at every opportunity. He interprates Rodolphos effeminate behaviour ( singing, cooking and stiching dresses) as homosexuality and tells Cathrine that Rodolpho is decieving her, in order to gain an American passport ( Rodolpho is an illegal immigrant ) . The tension in the play is fueled further as Beatrice openly tells Eddie that he is being too protective of Cathrine and harsh on Rodolpo. Miller uses these arguments to create a sense of mounting tension between the couple as the arguments become gradually more serious.This climaxes when Beatrice asks Eddie to forgive Marco for acussing Eddie of turning the two imigrants in. This argument is very heated and long before a lull when Marco appears.  MARCO: Eddie Carbone!   all stand transfixed for an instant  Miller uses this to create the effect of a fuse reaching its end before the explosive finale of Eddies death at the hands of Marco.At this point Miller turns the tables on the relationship between Eddie and Beatrice. EDDIE: Then why of B!  BEATRICE: Yes, yes!  EDDIE: My B!  (He dies in he arms..)  This shows their ultimate unity.  Miller could be trying to sustain the tension by showing the audience that Eddie refuses to acknowledge his attration to Cathrine upto his last breath.  As this play is a tragedy reminiscent of the Greek style, Miller could be trying to redeem the tragic hero by showing that despite all of Eddies shortcomigs, he is ultimately devoted to and in love with Beatrice.

Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing :: Energy

Advanced technology created the possibility to extract a natural gas beneath the earth which has never been possible before. Oil industries are once again booming deploying hydraulic fracturing method to access the natural gas lies beneath the earth, specifically the Marcellus Formation which contains limestone beds that is black shale or black rock due to presence of iron pyrite and siderites. Marcellus shale formation lie under New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio and other parts of the US states according to Parks & Recreation Journal (Dolesh 57). Its vast richness of natural gas is no doubt that it will help America’s energy demand but using hydraulic fracturing to bring that energy to the surface is disturbing the already troubled environment. Although my opponents claim that hydrocracking create jobs and reduce oil imports but it also poses environmental disaster that outweighs its profits which could be irreversible. Environmental disaster such as pollu tion increase, water contamination and risk to the public health in inevitable if gas companies are allowed to continue for drilling America’s soil. As energy demand is increasing throughout the world, America is not least, its demand for energy is increasing and energy supply dependability is at risk. The calls for cleaner energy is at its momentum with production of natural gas using hydrocracking method are deployed vast major cities across America. According to Analysis environment journal released on May 2011 has stated that new Environmental Protection Agency have â€Å"found that greenhouse gas emissions from fracturing are almost 9,000 times higher than previously calculated† this is no surprising because there are no federal regulation on hydraulic fracturing techniques (Nelson 24). Fracking products account 25% in oil industries which will increase in the near future as we are turning to other sources of alternative energy. According to EPA on â€Å"recent research into the complete life cycle of natural gas emissions raises questions about its relative cleanliness† which means as we see the increase of extracting natural gas as means of hydrocracking the pollution will drastically increase. The main component of natural gas is methane â€Å"which leaks from fractured wells or is otherwise released during natural gas drilling, transportation and power-plant accord to CQ Researcher (McGlynn 1054). It’s clear and not concise that emission of methane escaped to the earth’s atmosphere will increase as drilling of hydraulic fracture increases which will create havoc to our already ailing environment. Our existence depends on the accessibility of clean water which our life depends on.

Explication of Phllip Larkin’s “Cut Grass” Essay

In Cut Grass, Philip Larkin uses onomatopoeia, color and flower symbolism, and punctuation to show that death is inevitable, and is unaware of specific circumstances. By contrasting the cut grass with the typically vibrant, lively month of June, Larkin shows the harsh nature of death, and its disregard towards its surroundings, while simultaneously providing a sense of hope once death does arrive. In the first stanza, Larkin uses onomatopoeia to create a vivid image of mown grass. The sharp sounds of â€Å"cut grass† imply fierceness, while the next phrase â€Å"lies frail,† is reminiscent of helplessness and weakness. He continues to parallel sounds by using phrases such as â€Å"brief is the breath,† and â€Å"exhale,† whose sounds resemble their respective actions. Through his use of onomatopoeia, Larkin connects the reader to the grass, and thus evokes sympathy. While the reader is sensitive towards the death, it nonetheless continues, regardless of the liveliness of â€Å"young-leafed June.† Larkin also contrasts the â€Å"brief breath† with â€Å"long death† to show that life is relatively brief when compared to the eternity of death. He makes the majority of the poem, in describing death, one sentence, from â€Å"long, long†¦Ã¢â‚¬  until the end, in order to illustrate the prolonged and slow dying. He describes the death â€Å"at summer’s pace;† a lazy and dawdling movement that disregards its blooming surroundings. He shows that death is unavoidable, and is continually occurring, even at supposed joyful moments. However, Larkin also ends the poem with movement, to show that death, although inevitable, is not necessarily final, and that there is potential for an afterlife. The repeated reference to white also serves to show the two sides of death; while it is pure and innocent, it is also melancholy. By personifying death, Larkin shows that though one can evaluate death from different perspectives, it inevitably returns to the unfair and merciless nature of death. He also mentions â€Å"chestnut flowers,† â€Å"white lilac,† and â€Å"Queen Anne’s lace,† three white flowers, to represent the two sides of death. Larkin personifies the white lilacs, which are typically symbolic or youthful frankness, to bow to death to show that death is unyielding to its subordinate, youth. However  Ã¢â‚¬Å"white hours,† â€Å"and chestnut flowers† serve to depict a luxurious, pleasant atmosphere, which also describes death. Thus, Larkin shows a glimmer of hope for a future after death, and allows the reader relief and relaxation when approaching death. In using the symbolism of white and flowers, onomatopoeia, and relevant punctuation, Larkin is able to portray death as both eternal and hopeful, and to restore a sense of relief around death’s depressing nature.

Paper Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis Essay

Executive Summary In corporate finance, both ratio and financial statement analysis are important tools that can be used in order to assess a company’s strength financially. They can be used in order to forecast a business’ prospective cash flow and ability to grow in the future, as well as a company’s strengths and weaknesses. Income statements, balance sheets, the statement of retained earnings, and the statement of cash flows are the four primary types of financial statements used in corporate finance. All of these financial statements serve to analyze a firm’s cash flows from different perspectives and are all interrelated. Ratio analysis, another important tool in financial analysis, analyzes the probability that a firm will be profitable or not. The different kinds of ratios used are liquidity ratios, efficiency ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market-value indicators, with each type including various different specific ratios that one can calculate when examining a firm’s operability. Both the financial statements and ratio analysis offer an analysis of a firm’s finances at a particular point in time, while also forecasting its financial stability in the future. Another advantage is that they allow a firm’s finance team to compare its finances to that of other similar companies, known as benchmarks, in order to value the strength of their firm in the marketplace. However, financial statements and ratio analysis can also lack in their accuracy since financial analysis is often based on historical figures from the past several years and thus only offer the prospective financial future rather than concrete data since often a firm’s finances are based on the ever-changing marketplace or other factors not in control of the firm’s managers, such as economic conditions. Despite such disadvantages, financial statements and ratio analysis is a very important aspect in the corporate environment and essential to examining a firm’s viability. Overview In business, financial statements are important tools, which allow a firm to clearly state its financials in terms of figures, such as revenues, expenses, net incomes, etc. and analyze strengths and shortcomings of the firm. This allows the firm’s managers to clearly see what is and is not working for the firm. Ratio analysis is used when identifying and analyzing multiple variables in the firm’s operations, such as inventory, accounts receivable, net sales, etc. When completing financial statement and ratio analysis, it is beneficial for the firm to examine its financial figures over several previous consecutive years, so that any and all patterns in its operability can be observed and analyzed. Such patterns can reveal aspects of the company where efficiency is not at its finest and thus there is a financial loss. As a result, the company can implement changes in order to improve upon these shortcomings and increase its profits. Ratio analysis is both a qualitative and quantitative way of looking at the data in order to analyze how a company functions and ways to improve it by looking at present and previous functioning and forecasting the future of the company. Both financial statement and ratio analysis can provide insight into the success or failures of specific product lines, allowing managers to make intelligent decisions regarding what their firm should offer in the future to consumers. Financial statement analysis is also a way to assess and validate a company’s viability in the marketplace to outside investors/creditors. Financial statements assist managers in understanding how profitable their firm is. It is often used to make comparisons of one firm to another or of a specific time period to another time period for the same firm. The main aspects of a financial statement are revenues, expenses, and net income. Revenues are sales numbers that come from products or services a firm creates through its business operations (Parrino, 2011). For a firm, such as Microsoft, its revenue would come from products such as the computers, phones, tablets, and software it sells to consumers. On the other hand, for a consulting firm, such as Accenture, revenues would stem from the fees it charges for its consulting services contracts with various government agencies around the world. Both companies are providing a product to a consumer, one simply happens to be a tangible product that people buy, while the other is a service product that agencies need for their functionality. Expenses are the costs a firm incurs while generating its revenues (Parrino, 2011). For Microsoft, expenses would stem from the costs of building its products, marketing them, developing new products, shipping them around the world, etc. For Accenture, expenses would stem from the cost of all of its consultants, which includes their wages, insurance, company laptops it provides to each of them, travel costs for sending consultants around the world on projects, etc. Again both types of firms exhibit expenses; some of them are just different. Net income shows the company’s revenue relative to its expenses. If revenues exceeds expenses then the company has a net profit and is â€Å"in the black† for that time period (Parrino, 2011). On the other hand, if expenses exceed revenues then the company has a net loss and is â€Å"in the red† for that time period (Parrino, 2011). By looking at financial statements from one fiscal period to the next or annually, managers can observe how their firm is progressing. If the numbers show that the firm is not operating at an optimal level or there is a sudden decline in profit, managers can delve further into the firm’s operations using ratio analysis to look for problem areas and address them accordingly. For instance, ratio analysis can allow analysts to view the rate turnover of a specific product line and examine whether something is lacking in that product line that is hindering the firm’s ability to get rid of that inventory to consumers. Such ratio analysis will be elaborated upon later in this paper. There are four types of financial statements; income statements, balance sheets, the statement of retained earnings, and the statement of cash flows, which are all vital and interrelated. The income statement calculates the firm’s net income or its earnings after expenses have been deducted and is used to calculate retained earnings at the end of the year (Parrino, 2011). Net income is calculated as followed: Net Income = Revenues – Expenses The balance sheet summarizes what assets the firm has at a specific point in time, as well as how the firm has financed such assets (Parrino, 2011). Total assets is calculated as followed: Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Total Stockholders’ Equity The value of assets will change annually since firms often buy and sell assets, thus altering the firm’s value and financing. Such changes are indicated in the  statement of cash flows, which gives a summary of changes in the firm’s balance sheet from the beginning of a period to the end (Parrino, 2011). The statement of retained earnings summarizes changes in the retained earnings in a simpler manner for managers than the statement of cash flows and basically shows the firm’s expenses and loss from one period to the next (Parrino, 2011). These financial statements can provide a lot of information to managers regarding the operations of the company. If Microsoft sees a decrease in its net income or total assets from one year to the next, this can indicate many things. A decrease in net income can indicate maybe some products are not selling as well as they have in the past, meaning Microsoft may need to change its marketing strategy or release a new product. A decrease in total assets can mean several things. Perhaps the company’s products are of less value than before or perhaps they have fewer liabilities. Deciding what specifically financial statements mean for the future of a firm often requires more in depth analysis through ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is the use of financial figures to analyze a firm’s overall operability and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses (Parrino, 2011). It can be used from various perspectives including stockholders, managers, and creditors, in order to evaluate the profitability of a firm. Specifically, a financial ratio is a â€Å"number from a financial statement that has been scaled by dividing by another financial number† in order to show something about the company’s operations (Parrino, 2011). There are several types of financial ratios; liquidity ratios, efficiency ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market-value indicators. Liquidity ratios focus on whether â€Å"a firm has the ability to convert current assets into cash quickly without loss of value† (Parrino, 2011). Two liquidity ratios are as followed: Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Quick Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / Current Liabilities Liquidity ratios indicate a firm’s ability to pay short-term obligations, such as interest payments for debt. This is very important because every firm has creditors, whether its investors, banks, or even tax collectors and even the most profitable company can go under if it is unable to pay all of its obligations for any reason. Efficiency ratios measure â€Å"how efficiently a firm uses its assets† and include the following: Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory Days Sales in Inventory = 365 Days / Inventory Turnover Accounts Receivable Turnover = Net Sales / Accounts Receivable Days Sales Outstanding = 365 Days / Accounts Receivable Turnover Total Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Total Assets Fixed Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Net Fixed Assets Efficiency ratios are a useful tool in financial analysis because they can examine and identify inefficient use of any kind of asset. For instance, in our case of a decrease net income for Microsoft, financial analysts can look at the inventory turnover for each of its products and analyze whether one is too low indicating that the rate at which they are selling that specific product line is not efficient compared to the cost of producing that product line. Based on this managers can decide whether they should decrease the amount of inventory they produce or cut the product line all together. Leverage ratios are used to examine a firm’s financing or ability to meet long-term financial obligations. Leverage ratios are as followed: Total Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity Equity Multiplier = Total Assets / Total Equity Leverage ratios are important because every firm uses debt or equity and often both for its financing, but the more debt a firm uses, the greater the risk it will default on those debt payments. So, for instance, the total debt ratio can tell you how much debt a firm uses in its capital structure and thus how volatile its earnings are (Parrino, 2011). Profitability ratios â€Å"measure management’s ability to efficiently use the firm’s assets to generate sales and manage the firm’s operations† (Parrino, 2011) and include the following: Gross Profit Margin = (Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold) / Net Sales Operating Profit Margin = EBIT / Net Sales Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Net Sales Return on Assets(ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets EBIT ROA = EBIT / Total Assets Return on Equity(ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity Profitability ratios are important because they indicate a company’s ability to be profitable relative to its expenses. Market-value indicators predict the future of a firm’s finances using market value trends and financial statements. They include: Earnings Per Share(EPS) = Net Income / Shares Outstanding Price-Earnings Ratio(P/E) = Price Per Share / Earnings Per Share Market-to-Book Ratio = Market Value of Equity Per Share / Book Value of Equity per share Market-value indicators are important because they can assist in predicting the future for a firm. Whether the firm will be profitable using its current strategy or should it maybe switch to a different strategy to keep up with competing companies. All of these financial ratios are crucial to financial analysis in corporations and used very often by analysts, managers, creditors, stockholders, etc. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis has several benefits. First, it offers various methods of analyzing a company’s financial wellbeing, going beyond just the financial statements by looking at specific aspects of operations. This can indicate strengths and shortcomings that managers should be aware of. Improvements can be made in order to increase profitability as a result. For instance, if a Microsoft notices that one product line has a higher days sales in inventory than another, this indicates that the specific product stays on the shelf longer and perhaps the firm should focus more on the product line with the lower days sales in inventory as it sells better. Secondly, ratio analysis can assist in predicting earnings or showing a pattern, which managers can use to find the best way to maintain financial profitability. While financial statements provide numbers such as revenues or expenses, ratio analysis can offer a concrete number describing revenues relative to the cost of the goods sold, such as with the gross profit margin. Such a ratio can indicate how profitable a firm’s operations were in a specific  period of time and if very profitable a concrete method of recreating such success. Essentially, ratio analysis simplifies the information provided in financial statements by compartmentalizing them to show patters and trends, which are very useful. Thirdly, ratio analysis can also be used in order to compare the firm’s operations to that of its competitors. Often, how well a company is doing depends on the market and how well other companies are doing, so ratio analysis provides a very useful tool to companies in making such comparisons. There are some disadvantages to ratio analysis. Predictions based on ratio analysis can be inaccurate from time to time. This is because ratio analysis is mostly based on historical data from previous time periods, which only offers so much information about the future. Yes, analysts can predict that the market will behave a certain way through market value indicators, but such predictions are only so accurate. The market can be affected by a variety of aspects, such as volatile economic conditions or even a natural disaster. For example following Hurricane Katrina, at â€Å"the end of the first week following†¦U.S. commercial crude oil inventories fell by 6.4 million barrels from the previous week,† indicating a strong market effect on petroleum due to the disaster (â€Å"Hurricane Katrina’s impact,† 2011). Businesses cannot control environmental disasters or economic conditions, which is why while ratio analysis is a very useful tool, it cannot always be relied on 100%. The use of market-value indicators is increasingly used in order to better forecast the future of a firm as it takes into account the economic climate at a specific point in time in order to predict the trend of future financial entities (Niazi, 2011) but again sometimes something like a natural disaster can negatively affect business. This is why having a high operating income and total assets is important to be prepared for such events. While not a perfect model as random economic turbulence can skew results, market-value indicators do still provide some insight into the future. Furthermore, when using ratio analysis to compare to another similar benchmark firm, there can also be pitfalls. Often it is impossible to find a company similar enough in size, corporate structure, and operations to properly compare to and gauge a market comparison. Thus, often ratio analysis when benchmarking can provide a skewed impression of where the firm stands against its competitors in the market. Financial statement and ratio analysis are very useful in corporate finance that provide much information to analysts, managers, stockholders, and creditors about the financial state of a firm. While there are some shortcomings to ratio analysis, its advantages in practice surely outweigh its disadvantages and offer valuable tools to cultivate a thriving company. References Hurricane Katrina’s impact on the U.S. oil and natural gas markets. (2011, September 12). Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/oog/special/eia1_katrina_091205.html Niazi, G. S. K., Hunjra, A. I., Rashid , M., Akbar, S. W., & Akhtar, M. N. (2011). Practices of working capital policy and performance assessment financial ratios and their relationship with organization performance. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12(11), 1967-1973. Parino, R., Kidwell, D. S. & Bates, T. W. (2012). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance: Second edition. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, NJ.

Business Trends Essay Essays

Business Trends Essay Essays Business Trends Essay Essay Business Trends Essay Essay Business Communication Trends Paper Marlo Catania Com/285 July 25th 2011 In today’s world there are so many ways to communicate it is unreal. Our society has gone from the average telegraph and postal service to the World Wide Web and Smart Phones. Adding these new communications into an everyday business role has created a highway for expansion and success for business around the world. Although my business does not benefit from much of this as we are off the grid I do see some things that are influenced by the worldly communications. Well working in a little general store 10 years ago was challenging when it came to hunting and fishing seasons. You would have this terrible process of filling out a large inquisitive paper in order for the customer to receive their license. You would have to look up different codes in a book to fill in and call the National Forest Service Databank to see who drew what tag. It was a time consuming, annoying ordeal for the customers who were waiting in line and the clerk doing all the work. Now there is an internet service that is installed at our location by National Wildlife Fish and Game that is equipped with a training course and takes roughly 10 minutes as every one that is entered into the system is saved for future tags and licenses. So there are no more headaches. This form of communication really has changed our business for the better as people don’t dread getting their tags and licenses. Fish and Game benefit as more people are getting their tags and licenses for fun rather than just the avid hunters and fisherman. I find that there is a lot of oral business communication at my job. As the manager and bosses run out the door they are yelling to do’s for me to accomplish throughout the day. Oral communication is fine with me, I can interpret the urgency of the to do’s and prioritize as they are giving me instruction. I also can ask questions to confirm what I am doing is correct. With written communication there are several things in this business that can go wrong. I may not understand the note correctly and may need to ask questions, but with the higher ups gone there is really nothing you can do. We often speak with delivery people over the phone as we cannot order most things online. We also have to drive 40 to 60 miles to pick up deliveries because we are so far in the woods the companies refuse to bring the goods up to us so we cannot go through the products while the delivery guys are still there is there is a problem we have to address it after the fact. The few things we do order online are the chips and cookies. â€Å"There is an efficiency doing it this way that there is not with the other distributors. † (Cronic, 2011)We never seem to have a messed up order and they are always good quality. The trends of the business communication that I have experienced are more in the electronic form. In the past we have used electronic equipment and devices to do ordering. You scan a barcode and enter the amount and there you have it the order is automatically transmitted to the company for distribution. I also have seen in the past companies have an email trend. There are several ways to communicate but not a whole lot of time so email is the easiest way for communication. The people at my previous company sometimes wouldn’t see each other for months but worked in the same facility just different buildings. It became too time consuming to walk across the street to discuss an issue. It was just easier to email and not deal with the emotion my supervisor said. It was robotic and non-confrontational. I believe that using just email to communicate was really a bad idea. If people interact and show passion it boosts moral but to purposely email to avoid confrontation and emotion can hinder work ethic and productivity. This also made me feel my supervisor was a chicken and had no back bone. He was working with the product and knew the problems that needed to be addressed but chose to be the yes man and not talk about the problems and quality of the product. This message is a business killer in my opinion. Using oral communication seems to initiate an employer and employee bond. By communicating in person with emotion you can learn to respect the passion shown in different instructions given. By knowing your employee or employer on a personal but non evasive manner it is easier to keep the moral up and feel a part of a business. Work ethic will improve and moral will increase. The message oral communication sends is that we are a team and this is what I need to make it happen. With written communication there are the good for example; you rear is covered when looking at a discipline aspect. The bad is that again it is very impressionable and if there is a question, more than likely it cannot be answered immediately creating a lag in the timeframe for accomplishment. The message that is sent is here is your job don’t bug me just get it done. This impersonal point can cause confusion and lack of moral. There are so many different businesses and ways to communicate in this world today that it is seems depending on the company type different types of communication work better than others. I am old fashioned and chose to be a clerk up in the woods despite having a college education because I prefer oral communication. I like to see emotion and see customers happy. I like being a part of a team and being shown respect and giving respect in person rather than using emotion cons or a LOL. This is my trend and what I am comfortable with as a person. But I definitely can adapt to texting rather than calling people in my personal life, it is easier when you have spent all day dealing with people to just shoot a â€Å"Hi, I am thinking of you† text to appease a needy family member or friend. If only I had cell reception†¦ LOL! References: Cronic, B. (2011, July 25). Manager. (M. Catania, Interviewer)

Nurse Practitioner Schooling How Long Is It What Do You Learn

Nurse Practitioner Schooling How Long Is It What Do You Learn SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you thinking about becoming a nurse practitioner? It can be a great way to make more money and have more responsibility at your job.But what options are there for nurse practitioner schooling? How long does it take to become a nurse practitioner? How do you apply, and what do you do once you begin a nurse practitioner program? In this guide, we answer those questions and give you all the information you need to know about nurse practitioner school. What Are Nurse Practitioner Schools? To become a nurse practitioner, you’ll need to get one of two graduate degrees: a Master’s of Science in Nursing (MSN) or a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP).In this section we analyze both of the degrees and give advice on which program you should pursue. Master’s of Science in Nursing Degree The MSN is a master’s program, and the coursework will often be similar to the coursework required to become an RN, although more specialized and at a higher level. You’ll learn the skills needed for patient care and case management so that you’re prepared to handle patients on your own and prescribe medication (if the state you live in allows NPs to write prescriptions). There are MSN programs for all the main nurse practitioner specializations, such as neonatal, family, psychiatric, and women’s health nurse practitioner specializations, among others.The coursework is a mixture of core classes all nurse practitioners take, courses in your field of specialization, and clinical practicum hours. Doctor of Nursing Practice Degree The DNP program covers all the information and skills you’ll learn in an MSN program, but you’ll take additional courses that teach you more about leadership, health care policy, and using evidence-based care in clinical practice, among other areas. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), all DNP programs must have courses that prepare students in the following eight core areas: Scientific underpinnings for practice Organizational and systems leadership for quality improvement and systems thinking Clinical scholarship and analytical methods for evidence-based practice Information systems/technology and patient care technology for the improvement and transformation of health care Health care policy for advocacy in health care Interprofessional collaboration for improving patient and population health outcomes Clinical prevention and population health for improving the nation’s health Advanced nursing practice DNP students must also complete an original scholarly work, often known as the DNP project, that shows they can apply the knowledge they learned to an actual issue affecting nursing. The DNP is a doctorate and a terminal degree, and it provides a broader area of skills than an MSN degree. In addition to learning the skills needed to be an effective nurse practitioner, those who graduate from a DNP program also are better prepared for leadership positions because they have more background in health care policy and better understand how hospitals and other healthcare facilities are run. Which Nurse Practitioner Program Should You Do? Both programs will qualify you to be a nurse practitioner, so you can really do either. Additionally, there isn’t much of a salary difference between nurse practitioners who have their MSN versus those with their DNP (the average annual salary of nurse practitioners across the country is just over $100,000.) MSN programs are shorter and are typically offered by more schools, including more online programs, which can make balancing school and other commitments easier.However, if you’re looking to achieve the top level of nursing education and/or learn more leadership and management skills, a DNP is the better option.Additionally, the AACN recommends that nurses hoping to become nurse practitioners get their DNP instead of their MSN, but they accept both as proper qualification. The choice depends on which program you think works better for your schedule and career plans. Also, you get your MSN, you can later go back and get your DNP in a two-year program if you later decide that’s what you want. How Long Do Nurse Practitioners Go to School? How long does it take to become a nurse practitioner? This answer depends both on your background and which NP degree you want to get, though you can become a nurse practitioner in as little as two years. The length of the two NP programs are as follows: Master’s of Science in Nursing: 2 (sometimes 3) years Doctor of Nursing Practice: 3-4 years However, you need to be a registered nurse (RN) to begin nurse practitioner school. If you already have a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) or an Associate’s Degree in Nursing (ADN) and have worked for several years as an RN, then you can go directly into either of the graduate programs. If, on the other hand, you don’t have a background in nursing, nurse practitioner schooling will take significantly longer.A BSN degree can take four years, although if you already have a bachelor’s degree in another field, there are often shorter programs that only take about two to three years, while an Associate’s Degree in Nursing usually takes two years to complete. This means it could take you up to eight years to become a nurse practitioner, depending on which combination of degrees you get. There are also a few programs that combine either a BSN or an ADN with a nurse practitioner program (often known as â€Å"bridge programs†), which will take less time to complete. These are often about five years, although the exact length of each program will vary based on the school. How Do You Get Into Nurse Practitioner Schools? As mentioned above, to apply to nurse practitioner schools, you need to be an RN with either a BSN or (sometimes) an ADN degree.There are a few nurse practitioner schools that accept students without a nursing background and offer a combined BSN and NP program, but these are uncommon and will take significantly longer than standard nurse practitioner schooling. If you don’t have a background in nursing, you will likely have to complete prerequisites in several course areas before you can begin a joint BS/RN program. Prerequisites will often be in the following areas: Biology Biochemistry Chemistry Human biology Microbiology Nutrition Psychology Statistics If you are an RN, you will also need to have passed the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) exam administered by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) (which you’d need to pass anyway to work as an RN). Most nurse practitioner programs also require you to have some experience working as a nurse before you start your nurse practitioner degree. One to two years of experience is generally the minimum amount required, but, on average, nurses have ten years of experience before they go to school to become nurse practitioners. You’ll need solid grades, but they don’t need to be as high as they would be if you were applying to med school. Generally, a college GPA of 3.0 or higher is enough to get you into many nurse practitioner programs. Your grades in human biology/anatomy and other classes related to nursing will be the most important. Applying to nurse practitioner school is like a combination of applying to college and applying to a job. Similar to applying to other schools, you'll need to submit transcripts, letters of recommendation, GRE test scores, and personal statements. However, like a job, you'll also need to provide a resume and contact information for references, and you'll likely have at least one interview per school during which you'll discuss your employment history. What Do You Do at a Nurse Practitioner School? Many nurse practitioners describe nurse practitioner school as similar to getting their RN, but faster-paced and with less hand-holding than you may have experienced in undergrad.You’ll generally divide your time between three areas: core classes, classes that focus on the specialtyyou’ve chosen, and clinicals. The core classes will typically focus on issues all nurse practitioners face or need to know how to deal with, such as using evidence-based practices, advanced nursing practices, statistics, pharmacology, and community health. Specialized classes will vary depending on which area you choose to focus in. There are many specialties nurse practitioner students can choose, including acute care, family medicine, neonatal care, oncology, psychiatry, and women’s health.You’ll also typically have to complete 500-800 clinical hours to graduate. Your class grades will usually be based on your scores on both papers and tests, although you’ll likely write more papers in grad school than you did in undergrad.Online nurse practitioner programs as well as hybrid online/in-person programs are also growing in popularity, and more students are choosing this option since it allows for greater flexibility when studying and completing coursework. License requirements for nurse practitioners vary by state but, in general, once you’ve completed your classes, you can then sit for the nurse practitioner exam and, after passing, begin work as a nurse practitioner. Summary: Nurse Practitioner Schooling A nurse practitioner degree allows nurses to make more money and have more responsibilities.In order to become a nurse practitioner, you need to get one of two degrees: a Master’s of Science in Nursing (MSN) or a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP).Both qualify you to become a nurse practitioner, but the DNP is a terminal degree and makes you more qualified for leadership positions. How long does it take to become a nurse practitioner? If you already have your BSN, getting your nurse practitioner degree will take about two to four years, depending on which degree you get.If you don’t have your BSN, it’ll often take longer, up to eight years, to become a nurse practitioner. The application process for nurse practitioner schooling is similar to when you applied for college, although you’ll need to provide more information, such as a resume and references from past employers.Once you start the nurse practitioner program, most students find it similar to nursing school, but faster-paced and with more papers. After you’ve completed nurse practitioner school, you’re able to take your certification test, and, once you pass, you can begin working as a nurse practitioner. What's Next? Are you studying clouds in your science class? Get help identifying the different types of clouds with our expert guide. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about?Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. Have trouble understanding what dynamic equilibrium is?We break this sometimes tricky concept down so it's easy to understand in our complete guide to dynamic equilibrium. (coming soon)

The Impact of Imprecise Language as a Literary Device Essay

The Impact of Imprecise Language as a Literary Device - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that the author weaves this profile with the graphic description of her experience at the peep shoe, the stilted English offering the text as perhaps even more erotic than had it been described in more detail by a native speaker. Sending her from â€Å"home† as she lovingly sees it, as a comfortable place, may expand her view of her simplistic world as reflected in her simplistic language style but we contemplate now the intentions of her lover. Le Guin writes, â€Å"Later on, when her lover sends her across the Channel ‘to gain experience’, her ignorant indifference to local convention leads her into some very risky behaviour. She certainly gains experience, though what she learns from it is questionable† (17).  This essay demonstrates that the author weaves this profile with the graphic description of her experience at the peep shoe, the stilted English offering the text as perhaps even more erotic than had it been described in m ore detail by a native speaker. Sending her from â€Å"home† as she lovingly sees it, as a comfortable place, may expand her view of her simplistic world as reflected in her simplistic language style but we contemplate now the intentions of her lover. Le Guin writes, â€Å"Later on, when her lover sends her across the Channel ‘to gain experience’. In conclusion, Guo, in using â€Å"wrong English† throughout the novel is accomplishing the point she sets out: no matter how the language itself improves, acceptance as the individual speaking it has a much farther and more difficult way to go.

Lawrence's horse dealer's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lawrence's horse dealer's - Essay Example She and her three brothers will have to live their separate lives now. All his brothers have found a way to support themselves but she has nowhere to go. She does not know what to do with her life and she felt that it was the end of the line for her. Her mind was on a turmoil and she thought, â€Å"This was at an end† (Lawrence, n.d.). I think that if she only had money left, she would not have thought of committing suicide. This can be concluded from the statement in the story, â€Å"But so long as there was money, the girl felt herself established, and brutally proud, reserved† (Lawrence, n.d.). But since there was no more money now, Mabel felt there was no reason to live anymore. All she wanted was to be with her dead mother. The other character that completes the love story is Dr. Jack Ferguson. Like Mabel, his life was also dull and pointless. There was nothing but work for him. He even said he hated the â€Å"hellish hole†, his description of the town where he did his practice. There is so much symbolism in this story by Lawrence. One such symbolism is the pond where Mabel tried to commit suicide. It was described as dead and cold. It symbolizes the feelings of both Mabel and Jack before the rescue incident. Both of them did not have any passionate feelings for each other.